British Entrepreneurs and the decline of the British economy :: European Europe History

British Entrepreneurs and the decline of the British economy Was the British entrepreneur the most important single reason for the relative decline of the British economy in the late nineteenth century? Despite a continued growth of production and wealth in absolute terms, the economy of "the first industrial nation" began to decelerate after 1870, in comparison with that of her closest competitors. This so called "decline" was caused by a number of factors not merely one as the question suggests, indeed Supple` s foreword (1) asks, "Are we to be concerned with the rate of growth of total income or of manufacturing output? Above all, by what standards do we assess `failure` or `success`?" Derek Aldcroft` s article, `The Entrepreneur and the British economy, 1870-1914 published in 1964 spearheaded the broad indictment of the British entrepreneur...(2)....... A/ They failed to adopt the best available techniques of production in many industries, ranging from ring-spinning and automatic weaving in cotton to the mechanical cutter and electrification of mines in coal. B/ They underestimated the growing importance of science, investing little in laboratories and technical personnel for research or for the effective exploitation of foreign research. C/ They over-invested in the old staple export industries such as cotton and iron, and were slow to move to the industries of the future such as chemicals, automobiles, and electrical engineering. D/ They were bad salesmen, especially abroad. E/ They were insufficiently aggressive in organising cartels to extract monopoly profits from the world a t large. I intend to investigate these areas, in addition to labour relations, education and the class system, as I feel that they have a distinct bearing on the late Victorian economic climate. The "technological retardist" theories are strongest in considering the erosion of "King Cotton` s" pre eminence, due in part to America` s competition and, the critics suggest, the British cotton manager` s lack of judgement. It is said that the slow adoption of the ring spindle in spinning, and the low uptake of the automatic loom in weaving seriously hampered those industries` competitive edge. The principle advantage of the ring spindle was it` s operation by unskilled female staff, whereas the traditional mule required skilled (mostly male) operatives, thus saving on labour costs. The disadvantage was that the ring needed more expensive cotton to make a given `fineness` or `count`. Given this information, replacement of old existing technology should only be undertaken if the total cost of the new technology is less than the variable cost of the old technique.

How policies/laws may affect family life Essay

In this essay I will be writing about what changes state policies and laws have made to the society and how they may affect family life by doing so. There are many policies/laws out there that have had an effect on family life and one of these was the ‘Child Support Act’ which led to the formation of the ‘Child Support Agency’. Other policies/laws include the Family Law Act of 1996, Rewarding marriages with tax breaks, Working Families Tax Credit, and the attempt of the removal of child poverty. Among this I will be talking about the new right theory and their points and views on the family and what laws should be put in place. One of the Conservatives policies that were passed in 1991 was the Child Support Act which then led to the formation of the Child Support Agency. What this policy aimed to do was reduce the amount of fatherless families by forcing absent fathers to pay a certain amount of money for their children that they’ve left behind. The government thought of this as a good idea as it would reduce the amount of welfare payments being giving to lone mothers therefore helping the economy. However this didn’t really benefit love mothers as the money paid in from the father would be deducted from the mother’s benefits so she would be receiving exactly the same amount. As a result, this policy didn’t have a major effect on family life although it may reduce the amount of fathers that walk out on their families. Another one of the Conservatives policies this time introduced in 1996 brought about a period of wait that a couple had to undergo before they could officially get divorced. The main purpose of this proposal was to try and reduce the amount of divorces by encouraging the couple with as much time as possible to save their marriage. This policy would affect the family life by keeping more families together and happy however the act was never finalised as judges deemed it as unworkable. Labour introduced one of their policies to do with the Working Families Tax Credit that was designed to help people find paid employment. This one was specifically aimed mostly at lone parents as since April 2001, they were required to attend an annual interview about  job opportunities. The Working Families Tax Credit would help lone parents move benefits to low paid jobs by topping up their wages. This policy may affect family life as it pushes lone parents into work and although they may be earning similar money as they would’ve if they were on benefits, it provides them with a starting point to hopefully earn more money as they climb up the ranks. One of Labours aims was to remove children out of poverty and one of the ways that they’ve attempted to do so is by increasing the amount of Child Benefits being provided. From 1997 to 2001, Child benefits have increased by 26 per cent and by doing so it has lifted 600,000 children out of poverty as stated by the children’s secretary Ed Balls. This may have a positive effect on family life as it provides the children with a positive childhood and helps the family to be financially stable. However, according to the Guardian in 2007 the number of children that are living in poverty rose for the first time in six years by 200,000 to 3.8 million in 2005 to 2006. More recently, the conservatives proposed a policy that provides married couples with a tax break. This clearly shows that David Cameron clearly favours the ‘married family’ as his policy does not apply to cohabiting couples with children. This tax break is worth around one thousand pounds and it may affect family life as it would encourage people to not only get married but stay married which would create or maintain stability in the family. The New Right leans towards the same views of the Conservatives as they clearly support the idea of the Nuclear Family as they think that Nuclear Families should be encouraged and family diversity should be discouraged. In 1999 and 2000, Morgan and Saunders wrote that The New Right believe the government should favour married parenthood by rewarding them and providing them with special legal rights and safeguards. They also believe that the increase in Lone-parent families is due to over generous welfare benefits and that they should be reduced to tempt people out of this decision. Another way in which they want to discourage family diversity is by denying unmarried couples the rights and privileges given to married couples and by making divorce much more difficult. There has recently been a cap on benefits introduced. This means that the  amount of money claimed by a family cannot exceed the average wage for a working family. It was introduced to keep things ‘fair’ although some people saw it as unlawful. This new policy could encourage more parents to get into work in the attempt to earn more money. All of this is the government’s way of saving money and therefore keeping the economy running. In conclusion most of these state policies/laws introduced have a positive effect on family life, others could be deemed as unfair however all in all they try to create a stable society as the family is a key factor in the make-up of a good society.

A Good Leader Lao Tzu - 919 Words

A good modern day leader should be able to be honest, well-rounded, confident in his work, well committed, and be able to protect his country and responsibilities throughout any trials thrown his way. In modern day society a good leader would be Lao-Tzu. He uses beliefs and tactics that are civil for today’s society. As for comparing two great leaders from a time so far back, I would have to pick Machiavelli as a great leader. The way the writers present them in the book is almost opposite in every aspect. Lao-Tzu has a laissez-faire approach on things, while Machiavelli is the opposite and is ready for war. First of all, when Lao-Tzu says, â€Å"If you want to govern the people, you must place yourself below them† (213). That whole statement would throw society off now. It would make society decide that overall Machiavelli was the better leader, because of how weak that statement makes Lao-Tzu as a leader. If you’re a leader and you put yourself below the people that you lead, you will get second guessed. I don’t think a leader should place himself below anyone. In my eyes they will see this and run over you the first chance they get. Machiavelli is all about war and being fit with the mind and with the body. Besides keeping his soldiers well trained and disciplined. Machiavelli goes on and says, â€Å"He must also learn the nature of the terrain, and know how mountains slope, how valleys open, how plains lie, and understand the nature of rivers and swamps; and he should devote muchShow MoreRelatedA Good Leader : Lao Tzu1731 Words   |  7 PagesA good modern day leader should be able to be honest, well-rounded, confident in his work, well committed, and be able to protect his country and responsibilities throughout any trials thrown his way. In modern day society a good leader would be Lao-Tzu. He uses beliefs and tactics that are civil for today’s society. As for comparing two great leaders from a time so far back, I would have to pick Machiavelli as a great leader. The way the writers present them in the book is almost opposite in everyRead MoreLao-Tzu: Characteristics of a Good Leader Essay examples1 844 Words   |  8 Pagesit provides somewhat of a security blank for those who are affected by it. Lao-Tzu’s, â€Å"Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching,† along with Niccolo Machiavelli’s, â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince,† both discuss multiple characteristics that a leader should possess to be a successful. While their goal is similar, in which they both describe what it takes to become a better leader, their ideas concerning leading are conflicting. Lao-Tzu, a Chinese Philosopher from Henan Province China, is known today as the authorRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli s The Qualities Of The Prince And Lao Tzu1198 Words   |  5 PagesProfound Leader Since the being of time, humans have sought out law, or government. Governments have been set in place all throughout the world to try to maintain peace and order. As easy as it sounds, governments can be demolished without the right leader. However, that is the catch, what makes a good leader? Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† and Lao-Tzu’s â€Å"Tao-te Ching† gives some ideas on how a leader should control their government. Although Machiavelli’s and Lao-Tzu’s ideasRead MoreLao-tzu and Current Government Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesChing (in English pronounced â€Å"dow deh jing†) is believed to be written by Lao-tzu (6th century B.C). However, it is not for certain that he wrote the book. Lao-tzu is translated as â€Å"Old Master†. He was born in the state of Ch’u in China. It’s been said that he worked in the court of the Chou dynasty. The day that he was leaving the court to start his own life, the keeper of the gate urged him to write his thoughts as a book. Lao-tzu’s work mostly illustrates Taoism –a religion founded by Chang Tao-lingRead MoreAmerican Government in Contrast to Lao-Tzu and Machiavelli Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Government in Contrast to Lao-Tzu and Machiavelli In comparing and contrasting the governmental philosophies of the great thinkers Lao-Tzu and Machiavelli, I have found a pleasant mix of both of their ideas would be the best for America today. Lao-Tzu’s laisse-faire attitude towards the economy, as well as his small scale military is appealing to my liberal side, while Machiavelli’s attitude towards miserliness which causes low taxes appeals to the right wing. These great thinkersRead MoreLao Tzu And Machiavelli Analysis1038 Words   |  5 Pagesmake a leader. However, a leader can be interpreted differently. A leader must ensure the safety of his subjects, however, there are different ways in which to do so. The absence of admirable leadership leads to chaos and social unrest. Within Lao Tzu’s Thoughts from the Tao-Te-Ching and Machiavelli’s The Prince, there are similar ideas surrounding the definition of a leader. They ultimately explore their idea of what an optimal government would be like; more s pecifically, what an ideal leader is andRead MoreLao-Tzu vs. Machiavelli1606 Words   |  7 PagesLao-tzu vs. Machiavelli Government is the essential authority of a country or state, which is directly, affects society because it provides key securities. Two of history’s greatest thinkers Lao-tzu, authors of the Tao-te Ching, and Niccolo Machiavelli, author of The Prince have similar but very contrasting ideas of government, and how people should be governed. Lao-tzu was born in the Chinese state of Ch’u. He spent most of his life working in the library of the Chou dynasty. Once he decided toRead MoreLao-Tzu, Machiavelli, and the American Government Essay examples651 Words   |  3 PagesLao-Tzu, Machiavelli, and the American Government Lao-Tzus Thoughts from the Tao-te Ching and Machiavellis The Qualities of a Prince both have the ultimate goal of making better leaders. The tactics that each writer chooses to present as a guide for the leader are almost opposite of each other. Todays American government would benefit from a combination of the two extreme ideas. Lao-Tzus laissez-faire attitude towards the economy, as well as his small scale, home defense military isRead MoreLaotzu751 Words   |  4 PagesLao-tzu or Old Master, the author of the Tao-te-Ching wrote not only about the moral behavior one should live their life by, but also about the ways to create a functional government. Lao-tzu wrote mainly for politicians as a guide to follow in order for them to become good leaders. Lao-tzu informs his readers that one can only help people by allowing them to help themselves. One powerful statement from the Tao-te-Ching is, When they think that they know the answers, / people are difficult toRead MoreLife Is No Easy Task1091 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst the grain of modern civilization,† (Huzzey). This is more of a Northern point of view. This also coincides with Lao-Tzu’s views as well; the people are supposed to be watched, not owned. Lao-Tzu also believes that the people will be able to take care of themselves if they are let alone. While reading from Douglass’ â€Å"The Narrative†, it was simple to connect the writing to Lao-Tzu’s political standpoints; there are points for both the sides of the slaves and the slaveholders, for example: how

Rene Descartes s Philosophy On The Mind - 3358 Words

Introduction to Philosophy October 23, 2014 Renà © Descartes Descartes is one of the most influential and well-known philosophers of all time. The idea he is most famous for is his explanation on the mind. Renà © Descartes is often credited with being the â€Å"Father of Modern Philosophy.† This title is justified due both to his break with the traditional Scholastic-Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences. He was one of the most influential and well-respected philosophers of 1600’s. Descartes attempted to address the former issue via his method of doubt. His basic strategy was to consider false any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt. This â€Å"hyperbolic doubt† then serves to clear the way for what Descartes considers to be an unprejudiced search for the truth. This clearing of his previously held beliefs then puts him at an epistemological ground zero. From here Descartes sets out to find something that lies beyond all doubt. He eventually discovers that â€Å"ergo sum† or â€Å"I exist† is impossible to doubt and is, therefore, absolutely certain. Now his notion on the mind is very extensive. I will be focusing on some of his work regarding the nature of the mind and its ideas, his belief of Cogito, ergo sum and also the sensations and passions. The mind is a very intricate and confusing subject. First off, Descartes argues this concept off Cogito, ergo sum. Which means, â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedPhilosophers and Scientist of Modern Psychology1454 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophical distinction between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the works of one great Philosopher that till this very day this is still in existence. Rene Descartes was the first to ever talk about the interactions of the mind and body, which later on in psychological history caught the attention of others who came after him such as James and Wundt. Descartes stated that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Descartes was a famous mathematicianRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 PagesEmpiricism Aaron Nicely Intro to Philosophy 02-09-2016 In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Read MoreIdeas And Schools Of Thought By Rene Descartes903 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body, spirituality, the mind, the soul, acquiring knowledge and how people interact with the world around them are concepts that many philosophers have tackled in an attempt to discover answers. In these answers philosophers hope to find true comprehension; however, the questions and, consequentially, the responses that they illicit are different for different philosophers. This creates a well of divergent ideas and schools of thought within the study of philosophy. Even when focusing on a subjectRead MoreThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 PagesAQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; theRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem, By Rene Descartes Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pages Mind-Body Problem Oluwadamilola Kamson Philosophy 101: Introduction to Philosophy November 2016 INTRODUCTION The Mind-body problem dates back to Plato and was well received by the scholastic philosophers. However, it was Rene Descartes the famous French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. The mind-body problem is not, of course, a single problem at all, but a large collection of problems which focuses upon the fundamental issue of reality and knowledge in so far as such analysisRead MoreWisdom According to Rene Descartes1240 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent lines and not examining the same thing† Rene’ Descartes pg. (1) â€Å"Discourse on Method† by Rene’ Descartes Wisdom, according to Rene’ Descartes, can be reached when an individual abandons all other influence and challenges the course of their own personal knowledge by seeking supreme understanding. He believed that everybody is capable of wisdom, but to gain it a person must challenge their very own mind. In the book, â€Å"Discourse on Method†, Descartes describes his method for understanding by firstRead MoreThe Mind-Body Problem Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Mind-Body Problem The mind-body problem, which is still debated even today, raises the question about the relationship between the mind and the body. Theorists, such as Renà © Descartes and Thomas Nagel, have written extensively on the problem but they have many dissenting beliefs. Descartes, a dualist, contends that the mind and body are two different substances that can exist separately. Conversely, Nagel, a dual aspect theorist, contends that the mind and body are not substances but differentRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwiseRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Mind And The Body1646 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy of mind had come across when philosophers had an idea of the concepts regarding the human mind and its mysteries. This branch of psychology had intended to elaborate and study the nature and aspects of the human mind, also how these concepts such as mental events, mental functions and consciousness would connect to each other, through the human brain and body. Philosophy of mind became one of the central areas of philosophy as the skills and abilities of metalizing are used to treat individualsRead MoreThe Philosophical Beliefs Of Substance Dualism And Modern Materialism953 Words   |  4 PagesDualism and modern Materialism The tradition of Substance Dualism was formulated by Rene Descartes to define the differing modes of the soul that function in the human mind. The dualistic aspect of this philosophy is based on the presence of a higher power, such as God, that provides the essence of the mind through the soul, yet the human body is separated from this process. Therefore, Descartes sought to divide the mind from the material body as a method of defining the limitations of the body in relation

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia - 1384 Words

Schizoaffective disorder, often abbreviated as SZA or SAD, is a mental disorder portrayed by unusual thought processes and emotions and is defined by mood disorder-free psychosis in the context of a long-term psychotic and mood disorder (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2014b). The diagnosis is made when the individual has characteristics of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, either bipolar disorder or depression, but does not meet diagnostic criteria for either alone (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2015d). The bipolar type is classified by indications of mania, hypomania, or mixed episode and the depressive type is classified by symptoms of only depression (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2015c). Hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and disorganized speech and thinking or behavior are common symptoms for the criterion psychosis must meet for schizophrenia (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2014b). Symptoms currently have an indefinite lifetime dominance and usually begin in young adulthood. Diagnosi s is based on observed behavior and the individual s reported experiences (Schizoaffective Disorder, 2014b). Schizoaffective disorders are often mistakenly diagnosed with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia because it shares symptoms of numerous mental health illnesses. Classic symptoms of psychosis are delusions and hallucinations. Delusions are false beliefs which are intensely held even with evidence to the contrary but beliefs should not be deemed delusional if they are in keeping withShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1176 Words   |  5 Pages Symptoms The symptoms of schizophrenia are wide and varied, typically falling into three main categories, positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Each of these symptom types affect the patient in different ways, and in different degrees of severity. The symptoms may range from mildly irritating, to severe and debilitating. Positive symptoms are behaviors not normally seen in healthy people. Negative symptoms are behaviors that are usually exhibited in healthy people but areRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1671 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia is defined many ways, but each definition of this disorder is correct. No two individuals will have the exact same symptoms of schizophrenia. The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek words that mean â€Å"split mind†. This disorder can lead to many other problems throughout a person’s lifetime. There are many different symptoms that can help with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but each of the sym ptoms can also be contributed to other disorders. The symptoms of schizophrenia appearRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia904 Words   |  4 Pagessigns symptoms observed. Some of the disorders are caused by different factors and reveal divergent signs and symptoms which are depended on the field of the body infected. This paper purposes at critically evaluating and analyzing psychological disorder referred to as schizophrenia by demonstrating its symptoms and their occurrences. It will discuss the causes of this type of psychological disorder and possible diagnostic together treatments mechanisms of this kind of disease. Schizophrenia is aRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1077 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenias is a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices (APA,2015). I choose to touch on the topic of schizophrenia because I always been interested the topic itself. The one thing I wondered is if there are different stages of schizophrenia and why it may be hard to diagnose. Schizophrenia is a mental disease that’s very hard to pinpoint in a person, whichRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1210 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia Symptoms. Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder which is characterized by an inability to distinguish what is real and subsequent abnormal behavior. Literally translating from the Greek skhizein and phrÄ“n meaning ‘split-mind’, schizophrenia is characterized by both positive symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and also negative symptoms, e.g. apathy, Anhedonia, and deficits in executive functioning. The Diagnostic and StatisticalRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1153 Words   |  5 Pages 1 / 3 Cindy Tien 3-18-15 Per.6 Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? Can you imagine living day by day having to hear and see things that nobody else could? You feel alone, lost and different amongst other normal people. Believe it or not, approximately twenty five million people in America have been impacted by this disease called schizophrenia. What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is mental disorder distinguished by disturbances within thought patterns, attention, and emotions. UnfortunatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia Over 2 million Americans suffer with schizophrenia each day. A vast majority of people diagnosed with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech. Hallucinations are sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation; therefore, people with schizophrenia may see people or things that are not really there and may even hold conversions or have relationships with these â€Å"people†. Delusions are false beliefs about reality. Someone withRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health professionals, Jaime was confirmed to have paranoid schizophrenia. Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people whoRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1049 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Schizophrenia Madison M. Sulak Dr. Linstrum PSYCH 2301 East Texas Baptist University Fall 2015 Pg. 1 A brain disorder can be triggered by multiple different things such as a stroke, abnormal growths, any type of viral infection, or cancer. There are countless types of brain disorders that people are diagnosed with daily. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, â€Å"Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected peopleRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1430 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is very complex and â€Å"startling disorder characterized by a broad range of cognitive and emotional dysfunctions† (Barlow Durand, 2015, p. 477). It can greatly impact a person’s life in a negative manner: affecting physical, emotional, relational, and occupational health. The National Institute of Mental Health defines schizophrenia as a â€Å"chronic and severe disorder that affects how a person, think, feels, and acts† (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d., para. 1).

Culture of Australia and Singapore-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Impact of countrys culture in use of power to initiate change program. Answer: Impact of countrys culture in use of power to initiate change program Change management refers to the framework which is used by managers to identify the change present in the organization and rectify them. Power is an important factor which helps the manager to apply change in an organization. The aim of below mentioned paper is to analyze and evaluate the cultural dimensions of two countries namely Singapore and Australia. It also explains the influence of such culture on the French and Raven Five bases of power. The latter part of the paper tells about how the use of power would be effective and ineffective in an organization change program depending on the culture of a particular country. Further, power refers to an important tool which helps the manger to initiate their decisions in an organization. Without power, no manager can ask the employees to work according to their direction. Also, it should be noted that power is not present with all; instead it is divided on the basis of responsibility and authority assigned to them. Relating the power with the hofstedes dimension, it should be noted that the cultural dimension model explains the cultural features of the people of the country which helps in analyzing which should be used by them (Blanger, et. al., 2016, 287-300). There are specifically six dimensions in the model that are, power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation, indulgence and lastly masculinity. Further, it should be noted that there is presence of diversity in the country Singapore as there are 77% of Chinese, 15% of Malay, 6% of Indians and lastly 2% of other expatriate society. And on the other hand, the country Aust ralia has majority of people who belong to British community (67%) and it has presence of some European culture within them and only 2% of aboriginal natives are present in the country (Chua, Roy, Yannig Roth, and Jean-Franois Lemoine 2015, 189-227). The first dimension that is power distance talks about the degree to which less powerful member of the society are drifted or motivated with the more powerful member of the society. It talks about the ways in which power is distributed unequally and how people handle such inequality in the society. In the country Singapore, people are more dependent on their superior in the society, so there is very low degree of power distance in the society. People do not take any decision themselves; employees in the organization are more dependent on their manager to take actions. As the Chinese people believe in the Confucian teaching due to which a large segment of the society initiate such activities in the environment (Ferraro, Gary and Elizabeth Briody 2017). Whereas, on the other hand, people of Australia have a relatively high degree of power distance attribute under them. They do not prefer seeking permission of someone to take actions. Also there is presence of flat organizational struct ure which motivates the employees to take responsibility and initiate actions for the betterment of the company. The second dimension that is individualism versus collectivism tells about the degree of which people of a country want to nurture themselves and their immediate families. Collectivism talks about the attribute to which people want to take of themselves and their relatives in the society and become whole heartedly responsible for their wellbeing and wellness. The loosely knit group in the society tells about the belief of people in used the feeling of I and the tightly knit group represents the feeling of WE (Yeo, Su Lin, and Augustine Pang 2017, 112-122). Talking about the culture it should be noted that the people of this country score a low grade, as there love taking care of their extended families and depending on each other for existence. Whereas, in the country Australia, people are deeply connected to each other, they only take care of themselves and their immedia te family. They have a strong feeling of individualism under them and they prefer being independent at the workplace and in personal life as well (Stone, Dianna and Diana Deadrick 2015, 139-145). Further, masculinity versus femininity refers to the dimension those talks about the acceptance of people for the monetary benefits and heroism in the society. Whereas, femininity in the society represents act of modesty in the society, it talks about the qualitative growth of a person in the society and masculinity talks about quantitative growth in the society. The country Singapore in this case falls under category of femininity (Aiello, et. al., 2018). The society is little more inclined towards femininity in this case as the score is 48. Whereas Australia scores 61 in this dimension which talks about their dominance in the society. This aspect also talks about the fight between tough and tender. So, it should be noted that people of Australia have strong belief in working shoulder to shoulder in the market. Further, uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people in a society manages to with the future coming problems. It talks about the ways in which people reacts on unknown situations coming on their way. Singapore in case of uncertainty avoidance scores 8 whereas 51 are scored by Australia. The score of Singapore tells that the people respects the rules and regulations and aims to avoid the problems by complying them. Whereas, in the case of Australia, the country do not follow all the rules instead the only follow the ones that they think are important (Todnem By, Rune 2005, 369-380). Long term orientation versus short term normative orientation talks about the ways in which people initiate their future business activities by looking forward and backward at the same time. People of Singapore take long term approach by understanding their past experiences and then correctly applying them in the future goals. The country score 72 in this case. Whereas, people of Australia take relatively short term goals in the future prospects. The last dimension of the Hofstedes approach is indulgence versus restraint which refers to the degree to which peop le try to control their emotions and feelings for certain things in the society. People of Australia are more indulgent as they score 71 in this field whereas people of Singapore are more restraint as they score 41 in this field. It states that Singaporeans hide their feelings within them (Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham 2007, 277-284). The above discussed analysis explains the culture of two countries that are Australia and Singapore. Now relating it to the French and Raven five bases of power it should be noted that this model explains five different types of power namely, legitimacy, expert, reward, reference and coercive. Legitimate refers to the power which is attained to a person who can formally restrain and initiate a person to work according to their decision. Under this process, one person obliges to another person to work according to them (Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera 2014, 217-232). The main reason for such power is their designation which gives them opportunity to assign work to people in an organization. This type of power is mainly concentrated with manager, CEO, politicians etc. in the society. Also, with the loss of designation, the power to lose the right to authorize work to people, they no longer hold the responsibility to assign work to their subordinates. Another aspect of five bases o f power that is coercive talks about the power to punish their employees. This power explains that the person who is in power has the right to punish their employees for the non-compliance of an event. Under this case, the decision of the leader is followed by the rewards and punishment given to the respective employee (Liao, Li-Fen 2008,169-182). The decision does not hold its effectiveness in this case if they do not punish or reward the employee according to this power. Further, the expert power talks about the under which the leader helps their subordinates to complete their work on time without facing issues. The leader is person who has adequate knowledge of the work, so this power gives the opportunity to the leader to guide the employees to work properly in an organization. The skills and capabilities of a leader are used to guide and motivate the employees. Under the power of reward, the leader attains the opportunity to reward their employees work every good work which the y implement in the organization. And lastly, referent refers to the power to deal with a persons likes and dislikes and generate respect for them (Mackenzie, Kenneth Robert Golembiewski, and Afzalur Rahim 2018). As discussed above, both the aspects culture and power impacts the change management program initiated in an organization. According to the power distance dimension in the country Singapore, the leaders should use the power of legitimate. The country should use such type of power so as to satisfy the feature of high power distance in the society. Whereas on the other hand Australia has low score in this case and high score in masculinity so they should use the power of reward. In the country Australia, people believes in individuality and masculinity so the leaders in this case should use the power of reward to satisfy the employees and provide them for the work which they have done well (Golembiewski, Robert 2018). The leaders who provide rewards initiate their actions successfully in the Australian market because at the end every person works to earn a sustainable livelihood. This will help them to earn income over and above their normal costs. Being an individualistic society, the employees aims to earn a good living so that they can easily maintain their cost of living. Thus, with this process a mutual interest relationship is created between the employees and the managers. Thus, it should be noted that if the leaders will use the power of reward then they will easily initiate their activities in all types of environment without facing any denial from the employees. Contradicting it to the power used in the country Singapore, it should be noted that the country is a collectivist society where the employees need a ruling authority that can assign the duties to their employees and ask them to work on that (Rosemann, Michael, and Jan vom Brocke 2015). Furthermore, change in an organization can only be implemented if adequate amount of power is used by adequate person in the society. No person can hold the efficiency of their decision if they do not have adequate powers in their hand. Organizational change management is a process which is used by organizations to deal with the change management in the process (Fullan, Michael 2014). This process is initiated by the person who has some responsibilities in the company like manager, CEO, board of directors etc. It should be noted that use of power in change program would be more effective if the type of power used by the leader matches to the specifications of the culture of the country. Like in the given case of Singapore, as there is presence of power distance in the society so if the leaders will use the power of expert in their activities then the change program will not hold efficiency in their system. So the power used should match to the culture of the society (Moran, Robert Ne il Remington Abramson, and Sarah Moran 2014). Thus, legitimate power gives opportunity to the leader to provide responsibility to employees to work on specific task which will make them obliged to complete the work. Thus, in this way the change program can be initiated efficiently. Further in the country, people are freer and want to earn well for a good cost of living. So, the use of reward power will implement the purpose of change program in the companies (Lasserre, Philippe 2017). Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events, it should be noted that power is a highly distinctive feature which should be received to all people in an organization. The right person should attain the power to initiate the change management program in the organization. The leader should use the power according to the environment in which they are living. The above mentioned paper explains the use of power in change program and how it gets affected with different cultures of different countries like Australia and Singapore References Aiello, Antonio, Alessio Tesi, Felicia Pratto, and Antonio Pierro. "Social dominance and interpersonal power: Asymmetrical relationships within hierarchy?enhancing and hierarchy?attenuating work environments."Journal of Applied Social Psychology(2018). Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera. "Power and transformational leadership in public organizations."International journal of leadership in public services10, no. 4 (2014): 217-232. Blanger, Jocelyn J., Antonio Pierro, Barbara Barbieri, Nicola A. De Carlo, Alessandra Falco, and Arie W. Kruglanski. "One size doesnt fit all: the influence of supervisors power tactics and subordinates need for cognitive closure on burnout and stress."European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology25, no. 2 (2016): 287-300. Chua, Roy YJ, Yannig Roth, and Jean-Franois Lemoine. "The impact of culture on creativity: How cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work."Administrative Science Quarterly60, no. 2 (2015): 189-227. Ferraro, Gary P., and Elizabeth K. Briody.The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis, 2017. Fullan, Michael.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons, 2014. Golembiewski, Robert, ed.Current topics in management. Vol. 8. Routledge, 2018. Lasserre, Philippe.Global strategic management. Palgrave, 2017. Liao, Li-Fen. "Impact of manager's social power on RD employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour."International Journal of Technology Management41, no. 1-2 (2008): 169-182. Mackenzie, Kenneth D., Robert T. Golembiewski, and M. Afzalur Rahim. "Introduction." InCurrent Topics in Management, pp. 9-24. Routledge, 2018. Moran, Robert T., Neil Remington Abramson, and Sarah V. Moran.Managing cultural differences. Routledge, 2014. Rosemann, Michael, and Jan vom Brocke. "The six core elements of business process management." InHandbook on business process management 1, pp. 105-122. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham. "Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies."Journal of business research60, no. 3 (2007): 277-284. Stone, Dianna L., and Diana L. Deadrick. "Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management."Human Resource Management Review25, no. 2 (2015): 139-145. Todnem By, Rune. "Organisational change management: A critical review."Journal of change management5, no. 4 (2005): 369-380. Yeo, Su Lin, and Augustine Pang. "Asian multiculturalism in communication: Impact of culture in the practice of public relations in Singapore."Public Relations Review43, no. 1 (2017): 112-122.

The Effects Of Snowboarding On The Skiing Industry Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of Snowboarding On The Skiing Industry Essay Jones 1The ski industry has been around since the beginning of the century. Since thattime the retailing industry of the ski world has been on a steady increase. At the beginning of this decade the increase began to skyrocket. However, skiing was not thereason for the growth. The reason for the dramatic increase in industry sales in the retailworld of skiing was due to snowboarding. By now almost everyone in the country haseither seen a snowboard, ridden one, or knows someone who has. The purpose of thispaper is to discuss what snowboarding is, and to shed some light on the financial aspectsof this new sport. Snowboarding hit the scene in 1972. Jake Burton, at the age of 15, decided thathe had enough of skiing and wanted to do something a little different. With a littleingenuity and some of his dads tools he began working on the first snowboard. Hisproject lasted about three weeks and when he was done he decided to take his inventionto the slopes and she how it worked. This was almos t the end of snowboarding. Everyslope Jake went to denied him access, saying that they only allowed skis on the hills. Jake was a very determined kid and this did not stop him. He began hiking everyback-country trail he could find and he became quite efficient at snowboarding. At thesame time he continued to knock on all the ticket windows at every resort but still had nosuccess. He decided that the only way he could prove his invention was nothing morethan a different version of a ski would be to make a video of himself riding down theback country hills. This was no easy task, keep in mind the year is 1972. Jake was Jones2determined and he met up with a guy named Craig Kelly who at the time was into videoproduction of skateboarding and skiing. Jake gave the sales pitch and Craig bit hook,line, and sinker. The next week the video was complete and Jake took it to all the resortswith Craig and they pled their case. By this time Jake had made about a dozen moreprototypes of his snowboa rd and all his best friends were riding them. Finally a smallmountain, Okemo, said O.K. Jake you can ride, but only during the week This was allit took and from then on almost anyone that saw this crazy kid zipping down the hill on awooden board with both feet strapped to it began to ask questions. From that moment onBurton Snowboards, INC. was created and is now the number one manufacturer ofsnowboards in the world. (Burton 1988). In the 1980s snowboarding was still not extremely popular and it was very rarefor a resort to allow it on the hills. As the yuppie age ended and the Generation Xersbegan to get into skateboarding, BMX bikes, bungee jumping, and roller blading,snowboarding took off. By 1991 eight-five percent of all ski resorts allowedsnowboarders to share the mountains with skiers. (Gatlin 1993) According to the samearticle over 73% of the people snowboarding in 1991 were under the age of 25. This agegroup typifies Generation X. Along with snowboarding came an entire new image. BradWilson, the marketing director for Big Bear Mountain in southern California summed itup well with this quote: It was kind of like the 1960s all over again, snowboarders dressdifferently, they have different haircuts and they ride on this different-looking boarddown the hill. (Feldman 1995). In an age where being different is normal, snowboarding Jones3just seemed to fit right in to the picture. Now, in 1996 only 3% of ski resorts do not allowsnowboarding. The resorts have realized that if they want to stay in business then cateringto snowboarders is one of the easiest ways. Many resorts have begun to add new trails tothe mountain just to accommodate snowboarding. Most of these extra slopes have hugejumps, half-pipes, tables, trash cans, metal pipes, and even cars for snowboarders to jumpon or over. The most important feature of these special slopes is the fact that skiers arenot allowed on them. The reason that many resorts have added these snowboard parks isbecause of th e problems between skiers and snowboarders. (Feldman) Roger Hauser, the director of Massanutten Ski School, said that there were quite afew reasons the resort added the snowboard only park five years ago. First of all, hesaid the mangers of the mountain were taking a lot of heat from skiers because of all thejumping and tricks the snowboarders were doing on the slopes. He said that when kidsare doing tricks they are going to be falling down, when they fall down people run intothem. So the mountain added the park and now limits snowboarders who want to dotricks to use that slope. The rest of the mountain is still open to snowboarders. Hausersaid that since the park was opened there has been a dramatic decrease in injuries betweenskier and snowboard collisions. He also said that business has picked up about 15% inthe past five years which he believes is attributed to snowboarding. .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .postImageUrl , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:hover , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:visited , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:active { border:0!important; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:active , .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2 .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0853344379c623144a3b8d4f2b4425d2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Shape and Form Essay We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of Snowboarding On The Skiing Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Ski resorts are not the only place that business has picked up in the past five years. The main area of financial growth is the actual snowboard manufactures of snowboards. Currently there are 117 snowboard companies in the world. (Schacter) Of the 117 there Jones4are five that hold 50% of the market. Burton is number one with an annual sales ofaround 30million, Ride is number two, and three, four and five are: Sims, Morrow, andAnthony. (Baker 1995) Morrow and Ride have seen the most dramatic increases in theindustry since 1993. The total current assets for Ride in 1993 were $2,365,000 and in1995 they were up to $37,139,000. Morrows total current assets went from $6,607,000 to$31,179,000 in the same time period. Net sales for both companies went up dramaticallyin the past five years also. Ride has seen a net sales increase of 611.2% while Morrowssales have increase 74%. (These figures are directly from the company records of bothcompanies.)The cost of snowboards is one reason that sales have gone up for these companiesand it is also another reason for the popularity of snowboarding as compared to skiing. IfJoe Public sixteen year old wants to start snow boarding he is going to need to get himselfsome equipment. The average cost of a complete setup, which includes a snowboard,bindings that hold the board to the feet of the rider, and boots, costs around $450according to Transworld Snowboarding 1996 buyers guide. If the same kid would wantto set himself up with a ski package he would have to get the skis, bindings, boots, poles,goggles, neon ski-outfit (required for skiers), and multiple other flashy accessories. Theaverage cost of a new ski setup is around $850 according to Ski magazine 1996 buyersguide. It is clearly cheaper to get into snowboarding. This price advantage ofsnowboards over skis is much more attractive to the average teenager who probably Jones5doesnt have much money anyway. It is also more attractive to Mom and Dad to spendless on a snowboard than skis. Sepp Kobler, the manager of Freestyle Sports in Charlottseville, said that fiveyears ago snowboards and accessories accounted for about 5% of all sales in the shop. Now it accounts for close to 30%. Kobler feels that if it were not for the dramaticincrease in snowboarding he would have had a hard time keeping the shop open. Kidsare into it, and so are there folks, its cheaper, its more fun, and its easier to learn saysKobler. A sales clerk at Bear Mountain, Brian Almarez says that is extremely hard tokeep the hooded flannel shirts in stock. Also, the baggy pants fly out the door faster thannatty neon-colored ski wear. Almarez also states that you dont see too manysnowboarders out there who arent making a fashion statement. (Feldman) The final area of retailing that has reaped many positive benefits fromsnowboarding is in the sales of lessons. The author, a professional snowboard instructor,has seen lessons go up 50% each year over the past three years at Massanutten. Considering that a one hour private lesson costs $30 this is a huge increase in revenue forski resorts. Hauser, the Massanutten Ski School Director, expects snowboard lessons tobe on the rise this year. The rental shop has ordered about 150 new boards and we haveadded a few more promotional events to keep up with the demand for snowboarding saidHauser. According to the Professional Ski Instructors of America winter 1996 newsletter,every resort that is P.S.I.A. accredited offers both ski and snowboard lessons. Currently35% of all beginner lessons at resorts are snowboard lessons. (PSIA) Jones6Snowboarding is currently still in a huge growth stage. Even though it came outin the seventies, the most dramatic increase the industry has seen has been over the past 5years. It is a sport that is primarily appealing to Generation X. The image that goes alongwith snowboarding is primarily defined as original. Snowboarders do their own thing,but nobody (except the occasional skier) seems to mind. Snowboarders have brought abreath of fresh air to many businesses. These businesses range from manufacturers ofboards and equipment all the way to ski schools that are offering lessons. Snowboardingis bringing large amounts of revenue to all of these businesses. There are a few primaryadvantages snowboarding has over skiing such as: appeal to younger population, cost ofgetting started, and current popularity. From all of the research here it would be easy toassume this trend will continue to grow. The current population is into extreme-sportsand generation X is continuing to grow. It would also be easy to assume that over thenext few years not only will there be an increase in the number of people snowboarding,but there will also be an increase in the cost of snowboarding equipment. These factorswill have positive benefits on both the manufacturers of snowboards and the retail storesselling the boards and equipment. .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .postImageUrl , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:hover , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:visited , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:active { border:0!important; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:active , .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u60beee5976d596be413c15ad5f0aa12f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mass Media Analysis EssayThe efect of snowboarding on the sking industryByBrian JonesEnglish 1101Professor Allen1 November 1999OutlineI. IntroductionII. The begeninga. Jake BurtonIII. Popularity growsIV. Introduction of snowboar only parksV. Financial costsVI. ConclusionEconomics Essays